As e-commerce platforms generate ever-longer streams of user-behavior data, machine-learning methods are increasingly examined for their ability to model how customer interests form and shift over ...

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction: Learning to Change -- Preview -- The Constancy of Change -- Natural Selection -- Evolved Behavior -- Reflexes -- Modal Action Patterns -- General ...

Classical conditioning, also called Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning, is learning through association. This behavioral learning method was first studied in the late 19th century by ...

Assessing student learning effectively is often complicated by relying on ambiguous proxies such as grades, quiz scores, or assumptions about students' internal states, such as what they feel, think, ...